Policy Solutions to Future-proof Workforces Against AI Displacement End Notes
- Brenden Bodily & Megan E. Jenkins, What Works in Reskilling? Evaluating Alternative Education Options, Center for Growth and Opportunity (Jan. 09, 2024).
- Caden Rosenbaum, How to Turn Laid Off Talent into Entrepreneurs, Libertas Institute (Jan. 2024).
- Fisk, Donald, American Labor in the 20th Century, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Jan. 30, 2003). (“At the turn of the century, about 38 percent of the labor force worked on farms. By the end of the century, that figure was less than 3 percent. Likewise, the percent who worked in goods-producing industries, such as mining, manufacturing, and construction, decreased from 31 to 19 percent of the workforce. Service industries were the growth sector during the 20th Century, jumping from 31 percent of all workers in 1900 to 78 percent in 1999.”).
- Acemoglu, D., Autor, D., and Johnson S., Can We Have Pro-Worker Ai? Choosing a Path of Machines in Service of Minds, CEPR Policy Insight No 123, CEPR Press (2023).
- Id.
- Not Fired, Just Not Hired, TIME.com (Feb. 24, 1961); and see Wheeler, K., Impact of Automation: Its Accelerating Effects Have Pushed Our Society to the Point of No Return Original LIFE Magazines.com, Life Magazines (Jul 19, 1963).
- Josie Cox, AI Anxiety: The Workers Who Fear Losing Their Jobs to Artificial Intelligence, BBC (Jul. 13, 2023).
- Nirit Weiss-Blatt, PhD, Adam Thierer, and Taylor Barkley, The AI Technopanic and its Effects, Abundance Institute (May 2024).
- Cf. generally, Daniel Susskind, A World Without Work, Metropolitan Books (Jan 2020) (Arguing that Artificial Narrow Intelligence (“ANI”), which is best at specific tasks, is more economically feasible to implement and scale than AGI).
- The United States’ aging workforce is not a new issue, see Chang, C., Xu, H., & Xie, B, Aging Workforce in the Context of Technological Advancements: Toward a Socio-Ecological Model, 9 (4) Oxford Univ. Press pp. 323–328 (2023), with many different facets, see e.g. Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C., The Relationship of Age with Job Attitudes: A Meta-Analysis, 63 (3) Personnel Psychology pp. 677–718 (2010).
- See Survey Shows Older Employees Less Likely to Receive Retraining, T&D World (Nov. 19, 2019); see also James Root et al., The Rising Importance of Older Workers, Bain & Company (last accessed Nov. 16, 2024) (“…it’s rare to see organizations put programs in place to integrate older workers into their talent system.”); and see Fang, T., Gunderson, M., & Lee, B., Can Older Workers Be Retrained?, 76 (3) Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations pp. 429–454 (2021).
- See Hobijn, B., Kaplan, R.S., Occupational Switching During the Second Industrial Revolution, 239 Economics Letters 111682 ( May 2024); but see Reskilling and Upskilling Among the 50+, AARP (last accessed Nov. 26, 2024).
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Median Age of the Labor Force by Sex, Race, and Ethnicity (Last Modified Aug. 29, 2024).
- Richard Fry & Dana Braga, The Growth of the Older Workforce, Pew Research Center (Dec. 13, 2023).
- See David Autor, The Labor Market Impacts of Technological Change: From Unbridled Enthusiasm to Qualified Optimism to Vast Uncertainty, National Bureau of Economic Research (May 2022), (finding that education can enhance skills leading to a wage differential. For instance, only 40% of adults without a bachelor’s degree have a high-skill job while the remaining 60% are relegated to a routine low-paying job.); See also Education Pays, 2022, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (May 2023).
- Karla Vallecillo MS. Ed, The New Path to Employment: Rising College Costs Are Reshaping Career Choices, TQ Blog (Aug. 27, 2024).
- Hewat, Nancy & Hollenbeck, Kevin, Workforce Innovation in Regional Economic Development (WIRED), Ch. 14 Transforming U.S. Workforce Development Policies for the 21st Century, Carl Van Horn, Tammy Edwards, Todd Greene, eds., Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, pp. 325-340.
- U.S. Department of Labor (2015, December 17). Workforce Innovation in Regional Economic Development (WIRED): A Summary of Findings from the Evaluations of Generation I, II and III WIRED Grants.
- Id.
- Hewat & Hollenbeck, supra FN 17.
- Id. at 329 (“ETA required each region to complete a comprehensive implementation plan that had to be approved before any funds were released. This turned out to be problematic in many instances. For most regions, the ETA review took several months…. [T]he delays caused by multiple layers of review and a back and forth revision process compromised the momentum that had been established between public and private partners during the proposal and plan development process.”).
- Id.
- Id. at 336-337.
- Id.
- Id.
- Id. (In general, the evaluations relied on grantee self-reported data on the Common Performance Measures, and on other customized data such as training enrollments and completions, curricula developed, and technical assistance provided. There was no requirement for regions to employ their own evaluator, and that rarely occurred).
- Id. (“As noted, even though the first SGA enumerated specific outcomes for regions, data were reported sporadically, and to our knowledge, there was no effort to confirm their validity.”).
- Allana Akhatar, 3 Million Older Americans Can’t Find High-Paying Jobs, and it Has Nothing to Do with Skills. Here’s the One Barrier they Face that No One’s Addressing, Business Insider (May 7, 2019).
- Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers Program, U.S. Department of Labor (2017); and see Ronald D’Amico, SPR & Peter Z. Schochet, The Evaluation of the Trade Adjustment Assistance Program: A Synthesis of Major Findings, Mathematica Policy Research Reports p. iii (Dec. 2012) (“TAA participants who were younger and those who received TAA-funded training were more likely to have caught up to their comparison group members by the fourth year of follow-up, while impacts remained negative and significant for TAA participants who were older and those who received TAA income support but not TAA-funded training.”).
- Allana Akhtar, supra FN 28.
- Ronald D’Amico & Peter Z. Schochet, supra FN 29, at p. 9.
- Hewat & Hollenbeck, supra FN 17 at 335.
- Hewat & Hollenbeck at 333.
- Hewat & Hollenbeck at 335.
- Kochan, Thomas A., Finegold, David, & Osterman, Paul, Who Can Fix the “Middle-Skills” Gap?, Harvard Business Review (Aug. 1, 2014) (“Two programs that have achieved high retention, completion, and placement rates in this way are Project Quest, a network of programs linked to the Industrial Areas Foundation in Texas and Arizona, and BioWorks, a consortium of life-sciences firms and community colleges in North Carolina. Project Quest, which the Aspen Institute and Harvard’s John F. Kennedy School of Government have singled out as a potential national model, helps people land their first middle-skills jobs at member companies. Its hallmarks are the high level of personal support that it provides and the strong collaboration among community groups, churches, businesses, and community colleges that it fosters. The programs in the network collaborate with local firms to identify job openings. Employers also provide information about their evolving staffing requirements, cooperate in curriculum development, and offer financial or other support to the trainees and the colleges.”).
- Id.
- Id.
- Custom Fit Training, Utah System of Higher Education (last accessed Dec. 19, 2024).
- Utah State Legislature, Custom Fit Funding Reallocation Proposal, Issue Brief (2021).
- Custom Fit Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022, Utah Board of Higher Education (Nov. 30, 2022).
- Micro-Credentials Guide – What They Are and Why They’re Valuable, Edalex (last accessed Dec. 19, 2024).
- Jacoby, T. (2021, September 5). Community Colleges are an agile new player in job training.
- Ibid.
- Kolas, Logan, Policy Solutions for More Innovation Modernizing Ohio’s Policies to Seize New Economic Opportunities, Buckeye Institute (Mar 21, 2022).
- Investment at the localized level must be streamlined to avoid the bottlenecks of WIRED.
- Hewat & Hollenbeck, supra FN 17.
- Reemployment services only work if there are jobs available. Communities suffering from an overall general decline in employment need a strategic economic development assistance plan. Cf. Andrew Stettner, Mounting a response to technological unemployment, The Century Foundation (Apr. 26, 2018).