Eliminating Barriers to Work for Utah’s Ex-Offenders, End Notes

  1. Tracy Jan, “After Prison, a Lifetime of Economic Punishment,” The Washington Post, September 3, 2019, https://www. washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/business/jobs-after-prison-rhode-island-recently-occupational-licensing/
  2. Wanda Bertram, “New Report Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2022 Provides the Most Comprehensive Look at U.S. Incarceration since the Start of the Pandemic,” Prison Policy Initiative, March 14, 2022, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/ blog/2022/03/14/whole_pie_2022/
  3. Alexi Jones and Wendy Sawyer, “Arrest, Release, Repeat: How Police and Jails Are Misused to Respond to Social Problems,” Prison Policy Initiative, August 2019, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/repeatarrests.html
  4. Lucius Couloute and Daniel Kopf, “Out of Prison & Out of Work: Unemployment Among Formerly Incarcerated People,” Prison Policy Initiative, July 2018, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/outofwork.html
  5. Adam Looney and Nicholas Turner, “Work and Opportunity Before and After Incarceration,” Brookings Institution, March 14, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/research/work-and-opportunity-before-and-after-incarceration/
  6. Couloute, “Out of Prison”
  7. “Criminal Justice Reform in Utah,” The ACUF Nolan Center for Justice, accessed November 29, 2022, https:// conservativejusticereform.org/state/utah/
  8. “Utah Profile,” Prison Policy Initiative, accessed December 1, 2022, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/profiles/UT.html
  9. Devah Pager, Bart Bonikowski, and Bruce Western, “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market,” American Sociological Review 74, no. 5 (October 1, 2009), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2915472/
  10. Ibid.
  11. Les Lovoy, “Life after Prison: Ex-Felons Often Struggle to Find a Job,” Public Radio WBHM 90.3 FM, June 25, 2014, https://wbhm.org/2014/life-after-prison-ex-felons-often-struggle-to-find-a-job/
  12. Brad Hershbein, David Boddy, and Melissa S. Kearney, “Nearly 30 Percent of Workers in the U.S. Need a License to Perform Their Job: It Is Time to Examine Occupational Licensing Practices,” Brookings Institution, January 27, 2015, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2015/01/27/nearly-30-percent-of-workers-in-the-u-s-need-a-license-to-perform-their-job-it-is-time-to-examine-occupational-licensing-practices/
  13. Morris M. Kleiner, Ph.D. and Evgeny S. Vorotnikov, Ph.D., “State and National Estimates of the Economic Costs of Occupational Licensing,” Institute for Justice, November 2018,  https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Licensure_Report_WEB.pdf
  14. Ryan Nunn, “How Occupational Licensing Matters for Wages and Careers,” Brookings Institution, March 15, 2018,  https://www.brookings.edu/research/how-occupational-licensing-matters-for-wages-and-careers/#footnote-3
  15. “The Evolving State of Occupational Licensing Research, State Policies and Trends, 2nd Edition,” National Conference of State Legislatures, November 2019,  https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/employ/Occu-Licensing-2nd-Edition_v02_web.pdf
  16. Matthew D. Mitchell and Liya Palagashvili, “Economic Freedom in the Period of Invisible Punishment: Occupational and Business Licensing Barriers That Restrict Access to Work for Those with Criminal Records,” Mercatus Center at George Mason University, January 18, 2022,  https://www.mercatus.org/publications/occupational-regulation-and-licensure/economic-freedom-period-invisible-punishment
  17. Ibid.
  18. Grant Duwe, “The Effectiveness of Education and Employment Programming for Prisoners,” ERIC Institute of Education Sciences, American Enterprise Institute, May 2018,  https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED585975.pdf
  19. Ibid.
  20. Steve Lohr, “A 4-Year Degree Isn’t Quite the Job Requirement It Used to Be,” New York Times, April 8, 2022, sec. Business,  https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/08/business/hiring-without-college-degree.html
  21. “The State of American Jobs,” Pew Research Center, October 6, 2016,  https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2016/10/06/1-changes-in-the-american-workplace/
  22. Harry J. Holzer, Steven Raphael, and Michael A. Stoll, “Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders,” Urban Institute, May 19, 2003,  https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/59416/410855-Employment-Barriers-Facing-Ex-Offenders.PDF
  23. Evan Cunningham, “Professional Certifications and Occupational Licenses: Evidence from the Current Population Survey,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, June 2019,  https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2019/article/professional-certifications-and-occupational-licenses.htm
  24. David B. Howard, “Unsheltered. A Report on Homelessness in South Los Angeles,” Special Service for Groups, 2008,  https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ssgresearch/pages/21/attachments/original/1470523182/Unsheltered_Report.pdf?1470523182
  25. Daniel Woodruff, “Utah Housing Prices Soar in April, but Signs Show Demand Will Soon Slow,” KUTV, May 18, 2022,  https://kutv.com/news/utahs-growing-pains/utah-housing-prices-april-2022-real-estate-market
  26. Elaine Yang, “How Much Can a Landlord Raise Rent in Utah?” Jerry, May 31, 2022,  https://getjerry.com/renters-insurance/how-much-can-a-landlord-raise-rent-in-utah
  27. Katie McKellar, “The ‘Shocking’ Impact of Mortgage Rates and Where Utah’s Housing Market Goes from Here,” Deseret News, June 1, 2022,  https://www.deseret.com/utah/2022/6/1/23149192/housing-market-price-increases-mortage-interest-shocking-impact-utah
  28. Patrick Thibodeau and Makenzie Holland, “Employee Background Check Errors Harm Thousands of Workers,” TechTarget, December 20, 2021,  https://www.techtarget.com/searchhrsoftware/feature/Employee-background-check-errors-harm-thousands-of-workers.=
  29. Art Raymond, “Utah’s Labor Shortage Is a Huge Problem — Unless You’re on the Job Hunt,” Deseret News, October 31, 2021,  https://www.deseret.com/utah/2021/10/31/22749069/utahs-labor-shortage-is-a-huge-problem-unless-youre-on-the-job-hunt
  30. “Consumer Prices up 8.5 Percent for Year Ended March 2022,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 18, 2022,  https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2022/consumer-prices-up-8-5-percent-for-year-ended-march-2022.htm
  31. Kleiner, “Economic Costs.” 
  32. Kleiner, “Economic Costs.”  
  33. The ACUF Nolan Center for Justice, “Criminal Justice Reform.” 
  34. Northwestern Prison Education Program, “Benefits of Prison Education,” Northwestern University, 2019, https://sites.northwestern.edu/npep/benefits-of-prison-education/
  35. Valkyrie Armstrong, “Utah’s Recidivism Rate Is Too High to Be Ignored,” Libertas Institute, June 18, 2021,  https://libertas.institute/justice-and-due-process/utahs-recidivism-rate-is-too-high-to-be-ignored/
  36. “The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2018,  https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/18-02303_ebook.pdf
  37. Eric K. Hutchings and Karen Mayne, “H.B. 90 Occupational Licensing Modifications,” Utah State Legislature § (2019), https://le.utah.gov/~2019/bills/static/HB0090.html
  38. Jacob L. Anderegg and Eric K. Hutchings, “Professional Licensing Amendments”, LegiScan §, accessed November 29, 2022, https://legiscan.com/UT/text/SB0201/2020
  39. Hutchings, “H.B. 90.”
  40. Anderegg, “Professional Licensing Amendments.”
  41. Hutchings, “H.B. 90.”
  42. Curtis S. Bramble and Joel Ferry, “S.B. 43 Occupational and Professional Licensing Modifications,” Utah State Legislature § (2022), https://le.utah.gov/~2022/bills/sbillenr/SB0043.pdf
  43. “Utah’s Clean Slate Law,” Rasa Legal, accessed December 1, 2022, https://www.rasa-legal.com/legal-resources/utahs-clean-slate-law
  44. Samantha Harvell, “Justice Reinvestment Initiative (JRI) Utah,” Urban Institute, March 2021,  https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/2020/03/27/justice_reinvestment_initiative_jri_utah.pdf
  45. Melanie Porter, “Davis County Jail Becomes First in Utah to Provide Tablets to Inmates,” FOX 13 News Utah (KSTU), March 4, 2021,  https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/davis-county-jail-to-provide-tablets-to-inmates.
  46. “Education – Prison Education Project – the University of Utah,” The University of Utah, accessed November 29, 2022, https://prisoneducationproject.utah.edu/education.php